Dairy Processing

Dairy Production and Processing as an Enterprise: Retrospect and Prospects

Author: Dr.Dalip K. Gosain

Dairy Production and Processing as an Enterprise: Retrospect and Prospects

DALIP K. GOSAIN

Programme Coordinator

Krishi Vigyan Kendra & Dairy Training Centre

National Dairy Research Institute

Karnal 132001

In India the Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) sector plays a pivotal role in the overall industrial economy of the country. It is estimated that in terms of value, the sector accounts for about 39 per cent of the manufacturing output and around 33 per cent of the total export of the country. Further, in recent years the MSE sector has consistently registered higher growth rate compared to the overall industrial sector. The major advantage of the sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. As per available statistics, this sector employs an estimated 31 million persons spread over 12.8 million enterprises and the labour intensity in the MSE sector is estimated to be almost 4 times higher than the large enterprises. (1)

Definition for SMEs is often considered to be an obstacle for business studies and market research. Definitions in use today define thresholds in terms of employment, turnover and assets. They also incorporate a reasonable amount of flexibility around year-to-year changes in these measures so that a business qualifying as an SME in one year can have a reasonable expectation of remaining an SME in the next. The thresholds themselves, however, vary substantially between countries. As the SME thresholds dictate to some extent the provision of government support, countries in which manufacturing and labour-intensive industries are prioritized politically tend to opt for more relaxed thresholds. [1]

India has witnessed remarkable increase in milk production from 17 million tonnes in 1951 to 110 million tonnes in 2010. This increased milk production is because of the scientific interventions made in the areas of scientific dairy farming being practiced under rural situation or by the geometrical propagation of the dairy animals is of great concern to all of us. But it is an admitted fact that the technologies developed in the areas of dairy production and processing have grown fast especially in the last two decades and adoption of these technologies have enhanced the overall milk production in the country.

Dairying in India is being practice as a integral component of the mixed farming system and is the most prevalent farming system in the country. Production of milk from the cattle and buffaloes comprises of Dairy production whereas making different products from the milk is considered as Dairy Processing in a broader sense.

It's only in the recent past that diary production and processing have emerged out as enterprises which have immense potential for generating income and employment especially in the rural areas and also amongst the entrepreneurs in urban areas. .  Krishi Vigyan Kendra and the erstwhile Trainees Trainer Centre (TTC) now known as Dairy Trainers Centre (DTC) of National Dairy Research Institute, is functioning since July, 1976 and till December, 2009 the Kendra and the training centres have organized 1,245 training programmes on Scientific Dairy Farming in which 26,409 beneficiaries were trained whereas in the area of dairy processing 99 training were organized in which 1313 were trained.

In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyse the various enterprises in the area of dairy production and processing in which the trainees were benefited the success stories can replicated in different states of the country by the entrepreneurs to take up dairy farming or dairy processing as a venture for earning the livelihood that will not only generate income for them only but will provide employment who will be employed at their units.

Small Scale and Commercial Dairy Farming Units:

India ranks first in the world as per the milk production is concerned to the tune of 110 million tones. As on today the country has around 199.5 million buffaloes and around 100 million cattle. The country has the wealth of 58 percent buffaloes and around 16 percent cattle of the world. The concept of Scientific Dairy Farming if adopted in totally could be a boom for the Dairy farm families and as well as the entrepreneurs.

Various studies has been conducted by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra have indicated that the trainees have gained the knowledge as well has shown high level of the adoption of the technologies in the area of animal breeding, feeding and health care management and clean milk production that has lead to more milk productions whereby the gain in income has been experienced by the beneficiaries.

The concept of commercial dairy farming is coming up in the country as a whole and the young entrepreneurs both from the rural and urban areas are taking it up as enterprise as the same is also being backed up by the state Dairy Development Departments as well as the banking sector. A handful of the case studies conducted and the impact analysis analyzed through the capacity building programmes organized by the Krishi Vigyan Kendras and Dairy Training Centers are presented here.

In district Karnal the Scientific Dairy Farming is being practiced by the dairy farmers and farm families and by adoption of the dairy production technologies they are getting more milk now through their dairy animals whereby their income has increased. The commercial dairy farmers in the district are having a herd size of 75 diary animals comprising both cattle and buffaloes. They are producing the milk to the tunes of 10-12 hundred liter per day which they are selling to organized processing units.

Dairy farming in a system's perspective has various sub-systems like breeding, feeding, fodder production, fodder conservation, health care, management, shelters and milk production.  Each of these sub-systems has a direct or indirect bearing on the herd productivity. There is need that the animal breeders and the dairy farmers should under stand the significance of each sub-system of dairy farming which requires systematic planning, so that the sustainable dairy production continues through scientific breeding of dairy animals.

In various areas of breeding, feeding, health care and management skills could be developed whereby using these entrepreneurs can take any of these ventures for earning their livelihood.

Breeding: In this area of dairy farming the progressive dairy farmers of the district Karnal and from other district of Haryana, Punjab states are producing elite cross breed cattle like Karan Fries as well as Murah buffaloes which they are selling at higher prize whereby they are gaining income from this venture. Some of the young unemployed youth may be identified in various districts and be trained as lay inseminators in providing Artificial Insemination services for dairy animals in villages this will provide employment to these youth in the rural areas and rural people will be benefited from the services provided by them for their dairy animals.

Feeding: In the area of feeding through adoption of the cost effective technologies the milk production cost has been lowered whereby the dairy farmers have gained in income. Through the silage making and feeding technologies the commercial dairy farmers are getting good income.  Some of the progressive dairy farmers have established at their own dairy farms small scale feed formulation unit. Based on the complete  ration formulation technologies provided by the NDRI experts these enterprising dairy farmers are making the cattle feed at their farm as they are not purchasing the costly feed from other agencies whereby they are saving money.

One of the entrepreneur have established feed formulation factory at Karnal and the factory is producing the complete feed in quintals every day and the same is being sold at Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pardesh. Entrepreneurs can take up this activity as a business enterprise.

Mineral mixture is essentially required and is to be fed to dairy animals. It was observed that a self help group of women of Parmanu area of Solan District after imparted training were manufacturing mineral mixture which they were not only feeding to their dairy animals but were also engaged in selling it to other dairy farm families at a cheaper price with better quality. The entrepreneurs can learn the lesson from these examples and can enter in the venture they are interested in.

The KVKs can play an important role to promote Dairy Production and Dairy Processing as an Enterprise through training programmes. Since July 1976 till December 2009 KVK of NDRI organized total 3601 trainings in which:  74,706 participants were trained. Out of all training programmes this KVK organized 1245 trainings on Scientific Dairy Farming and 99 on Dairy Processing in which 26,409 and 1313 participants were trained.

The experts of this KVK could record the highest milk yield of 59.5 Kg. in one cross bred cattle in one day on 21-22 February 2009 in a village. The trainees not only sell the milk in the town or to the milk plants through scientific dairy farms but the superior germ plasm of cross-bred cattle have gone to various states of the country through cross bred animals. In a study conducted in ten villages of Karnal indicated that the knowledge level of the respondents in areas of dairying, viz., breeding, feeding health care, management and fodder production was 35.42, 48.56, 51.28, 53.43 and 56.04 per cent, respectively whereas, the extent of adoption of recommended dairy farming practices was 73.76, 68.32, 61.56, 63.60 and 37.53 per cent in these areas respectively. The overall adoption level was 58.26 per cent.

Impact of the training porgarmmes in the area of Dairy Processing

In the area of dairy processing, methodologies for separation of cream from milk, preparation of butter, indigenous dairy products like ‘ghee', ‘channa', ‘khoa', curd, ‘paneer', ‘burfi', ‘kalakand', ‘gulabjamun', ‘rasogolla', etc. were demonstrated through training programmes to the small-scale dairy owners and entrepreneurs. Small-scale dairy owners and the trainees have adopted these technologies. There are nearly 70 small-scale dairies in Karnal district and each dairy handles around 2-16 quintals of milk per day depending upon the infrastructure facilities with the dairy owners and the availability of milk. Most dairy owners have adopted the dairy processing technologies. The KVK experts have helped the trainees in formulating the projects and provided the information for the required equipments and skills to start this venture.

Conclusion:
Based on the analyzed data and the impact studies it was found that after attending the various training prograames on dairy production and processing there was gain in knowledge and skill of the beneficiaries. After adoption of the newer technologies learnt by the entrepreneurs they experienced significant gain in income and employment. It is recommended that various KVK should tailor and organize need based vocational training programmes for entrepreneurship development so that the dairy production and processing as enterprises are promoted  to benefit the rural people.

References:
[1]wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises+sector+accounts+for+about+39%+of+the+manufacturing+output

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/communication-articles/dairy-production-and-processing-as-an-enterprise-retrospect-and-prospects-3927121.html

About the Author

Jersey Cow Milk Cheese

How Jersey Cow Milk Cheese is Produced

Author: Kirti S

Exceeding than forty percent of total milk production in the UK is utilized for preparing the cheese. The necessity of nutrient containing milk is vital and this has been observed that the Jersey cows of smaller type can actually be effective for conservation the resources like the land, fuel and water while offering excellent quality produce. In comparison to products of Holstein, Jersey Cow Milk Cheese lessens waste output and greenhouse gas emissions to a significant extent. Numbers shows that carbon footprint in respect of a Jersey breed is twenty percent lesser than the standard Holstein breeds. From latest assessment it has been found that another reason for lovers of Jersey Cow Milk Cheese to become more interested in this type of cheese is its environment friendly properties.

Different advantages

It is opined by the American Society for Animal Science that Jersey Cow Milk Cheese making lessens the impact upon the environment and safeguards the limited quantum of resources obtainable for the production of commercial type. The logic is very simple since the lower body mass of the cows needs lesser type of maintenance and the nutrient density of the food becomes greater. This subsequently builds up the tastes better in case of Jersey Cow Milk Cheese compared to other derivatives. The need of water utilization is lower in case of Jerseys and more fat and protein is found in the milk. The savings are limited to the maintenance and diet of the animals, however, these breeds are easy to transport in bulk numbers and minimum time is needed in processing the same from the unrefined milk.

Demand of the product

The Jersey owners utilize a majority portion of the milk for production purposes and the demand is more for double cream cheese. When you are having limited resources for investment, processing some additional quantum appears to be an easy option. For its great demand in the homes of UK, the cheese although being sold at a cost effective price actually have great number of consumers. In many cases, the initial homemade amenities have turned into total commercial making divisions. Milk obtained from Jersey cows are enriched with butter fats and becomes helpful for making double cream cheese. It is observed that the total number of cows which produce the identical amount of quantum for consumption from the cattle of Holstein is much more in respect to Jerseys, and studies show that it does not cross even twenty six percent of that would have been needed in case of Holstein cattle. Moreover, although the production is of smaller type, the ultimate product that is obtained by churning of the milk appears to be favourable in respect to Jerseys. Being nutrient dense, smaller quantum of milk is required to produce the targeted amounts of products. Jersey Cow Milk Cheese and the double cream cheese being known as its derivative is in great demand of every UK homes. The cheese is used for breakfast, snacks, and whole meals and with drinks also.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/food-and-beverage-articles/how-jersey-cow-milk-cheese-is-produced-6901955.html

About the Author

Kirti S is a web enthusiast and a writer. Kirti has afforded his articles and write-ups autonomously and through various online forums.

Get more information on: Jersey Cow Milk Cheese

Tractor Manufacturers

1        1. AGCO GmbH & Co., Germany.

2. Deutz-Fahr Agrarsysteme GmbH, Germany.

3. Fendt, Germany

4. Hurlimann, Germany

5. Sauerburger, Germany

6. Case Corporation, USA

7. CNH Global N.V., USA

8. John Deere, USA

9. Massey Ferguson, USA

10. Tructor, USA

11. Zetor, USA

     12. Antonio Carraro S.p.A., Italy

     13. Agris Srl. Italy

     14. Aratri

     15. Barbieri Srl, Italy

     16. Camisa F.Lli Di Roberto, Massimo & C. Snc, Italy

     17. Durso Srl

     18. Ereppi

     19. Finotto

     20. Goldini SpA, Italy.

     21. Lamborghini, Italy.

     22. Landini S.p.A., Italy

Top Cow Breeds

Top Cow Breeds in North America

Author: Mary Ann Porsuelo

We have our preferences, especially when it comes to raising cows and cattle and making it big in the market. It would depend on the country and its market to choose which cow breeds to favor above the others. Here are the top cow breeds in North America today:

Ayshires: This breed is generally red and white in color, with the red color varying from very light to very dark shades. There are cows and bulls that may be nearly covered all in red or nearly all in white. Brindle and roan colors are rare in Ayshires today, although it was once common.

The Ayshires possess great ability to rustle and forage for themselves when under adverse conditions. They can adapt to rugged terrains and harsh conditions better than most cow breeds, and this makes them an outstanding commercial cow breed. They are strong and easy to raise.

Brown Swiss: Also called Braunvieh, this cow breed is brown in color, with a creamy white muzzle and dark nose. This is another strong breed, well-balanced, with a good physique, and can also adapt to harsh conditions.

The Brown Swiss are used both for dairy and beef purposes, as they provide good milk and meat output. The Brown Swiss are also known among milk producers for their good milk, protein, and butterfat production. Their milk also makes great cheese because of their very favorable fat-to-protein ratio.

Guernsey: The Guernsey can vary from yellow to red or brown, with white patches. This is one calm breed, neither irritable nor nervous. Their appearance is that of an animal born with great physical form.

It is the Guernsey's behavior and individuality that attracts many breeders and producers towards it. Dairy and meat production is no problem with their well-balanced body. Their calm attitude and fine temperament makes them great for utility.

Holstein: The Holsteins are the most recognizable cow breed, with the trademark color of black and white. There are also Holsteins that are red and white. The Holstein is a desirable cow breed for producers, as the breed produces both milk and meat. Their milk production rate is observed to be constantly improving, too.

Jersey: The Jersey's color is light brown, though there are those with colors that range from grey to a dull black. White patches are also present, with some Jerseys almost covered by them. Perhaps the main distinctive feature of the Jersey is its black nose border by an almost white muzzle. Another defining trait is its hard black feet, which contributes to strong legs that makes the breed a sturdy and strong one.

Dairy Shorthorn: The Dairy Shorthorns can be red, red and white, white, or roan. The roan-colored Shorthorn has a specific shade of roan that cannot be seen in the other cow breeds. Despite their name, the Dairy Shorthorn can be horned or polled. The Shorthorns' milk is best for making cheese because of its most favorable fat-to-protein ratio.

The Dairy Shorthorns are gentle and quiet in nature, and they can fit well with the other breeds. The Shorthorns also have the ability to recover quickly and have few physical problems. They especially have strong feet and legs. The female Shorthorns make excellent mothers, and have been used as “foundation” females in the introduction of European breeds to Australia.

It is debatable which cow breed is the best. Perhaps, it will never be known which is the best among them because of each has individuality and benefits for the producer and consumer markets. Nevertheless, these remain to be the top cow breeds in North America.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/business-opportunities-articles/top-cow-breeds-in-north-america-579985.html

About the Author

The author of this article is currently working on Holstein Embryo. Feel free to contact her at keywriterm@gmail.com for any inquiries or concerns.

Friesian Cows

Friesian Cows - Facts And Figures

Author: John J Kelly

With the definitive origins of Friesian cows being undetermined, the traces of the breed have been tracked back to Jutland where herds of cows with the characteristic black and white colourations grazed the fields. These Friesians were imported into Holland in the 1700's to replace fallen stock that became victim of floods and disease. This stock was then cross bred with the remaining Dutch cattle to form the beginnings of what is now recognised as Friesians, which became the mainstay of stock in the modern world. However, during the mid-1900's in the United States, the popularity of this breed declined as emphasis was placed on the purity of colour.

The common place breeding of Friesians with Holsteins has resulted in the majority of modern breed being a cross-breed, which is perfectly suited as a grazing animal which is adaptable for a wide range of grassland while exhibiting high levels of lactation over sustained periods. Being selectively bred over hundreds of years, this breed are now the preferred dairy cow in New Zealand and as a result, there are a number of reputable agents that specialise in Friesian cows for sale.

The typical characteristic of these cattle are the two patched colour types, being either white and black or white and red. Being similar size to the Holstein breed, Friesian cows for sale in New Zealand have become the mainstay of the New Zealand dairy industry exhibiting high protein levels, higher fat levels as well elevated lactation levels and frequency. Additionally, they are renown for their ability to calve more frequently, calve more often in their lifetime, require less replacements, have lower cell counts and exceed other breeds in respect to the quality of milk produced. As a result, Friesian cows for sale in New Zealand are noted for their high lifetime yields, high quality and lean meat they deliver as well as the superior milk they produce.

With the need to increase dairy productivity, farmers are coming under increasing pressure to get the most out of their land. The use of fertilisers, feed additives and other performance enhancing methods are now commonplace in an effort to increase lactose production, calving and productivity per acre. The quality of the stock on the farms is one of the key factors in increasing this production, with the ability of the stock to effectively react to these inputs. Friesian cows are renowned for the ability to positively react to these farming investments, and as a result, are always in high demand within the New Zealand dairy industry.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/agriculture-articles/friesian-cows-facts-and-figures-5457508.html

About the Author

Kelly Livestock is the largest independently owned livestock Company in the Taranaki Region. If you are looking for cattle, dairy cows / herds for sale take a look at Friesian Cows for sale online here : www.cows4sale.co.nz

Breeding Cattle

Breeding Cattle - 5 Tips to Learn How to Breed Cattle Properly

Author: Tim Smith

One of the most important aspects of cattle farming that a farmer should spend a good amount of attention to is breeding cattle. Breeding cattle not only means more stock in the herd to sell but more cows to use for future breeding as well. What you have to understand when it comes to breeding cattle is that the activity requires balance between genetics and actual herd management. Without these, you will not only be left with abnormal, ill-fitting cows but will be spending more time and money on feeding and extra work to get them to meet standards. If you are a cattle farmer and are trying to learn how to breed cattle properly, here are a few tips to try:

•    Always be selective within your own herd. You should be able to distinguish good animals from those with health and body structure problems because keeping only the best not only produces the best cows but also saves up on time and energy for work during breeding time.

•    Remember to have a full body scan of your bulls before using them for breeding. You can have them checked for STDs, sperm count, take them for physical health check-ups, and the like.

•    When choosing bulls for breeding, select those that have been known to have produced high quality calves. Once you've found that bull, you can either keep him in your herd of just artificially inseminate your cows using a wide range of bulls. Though this gives you more options to choose from, artificial insemination requires more work on your part.

•    When breeding cattle, always keep your cattle in a healthy environment and in good condition. Many mistakes done before breeding can cause significant problems to the entire process. For example, if you overfeed or underfeed your cows, it not only lessens their chances of conceiving but increases the calf's health risks at birth.

•    For future breeding activities, it would be best to record breeding dates. Do so accurately as this will help you prepare for future pregnancy signs in your cows and will determine how soon your cows will conceive.

Accomplish most of these tips when breeding cattle and you'll be sure to produce award-winning calves. Though it may be a bit more stressful, the success that you get from breeding is a self-fulfilling one that you'd want to develop your skills even more.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pets-articles/breeding-cattle-5-tips-to-learn-how-to-breed-cattle-properly-1460768.html

About the Author

Breeding cattle can improve quality of life and provide great satisfaction and responsibility for families. Explore your options and then decide. If you would like more tips on breeding cattle, please visit http://www.howtoraisecattle.com